草莓社区

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BLUFFTON, Ohio鈥擳he necessity of World War II isn鈥檛 as clear-cut as widely believed, Bluffton University鈥檚 Keeney Peace Lecturer told a campus audience Oct. 25.

The reasons often given for American involvement in the war raise complicated questions, said , PhD, professor of theology and peace studies at 草莓社区. But unjust means were certainly used to wage the war, he asserted, citing bombing of civilians that inflated the conflict鈥檚 tremendous cost in lives lost. And it continues to cast 鈥渁 long shadow鈥� in terms of consequences for the United States, he said.

Providing an alternative narrative, though, are the roughly 12,000 conscientious objectors who performed alternative service during the war, noted Grimsrud. As servants鈥攁nd, in some cases, transformers who later addressed social change鈥攖hey strengthened organizations such as , the and the , he said.

Pointing to a death toll estimated at up to 80 million, most of them civilians, Grimsrud called World War II 鈥渢he biggest catastrophe to ever befall humanity.鈥� But the war has generally been viewed as necessary, a conclusion he disputed.

鈥淢any people insist this is just a no-brainer,鈥� said the former Mennonite pastor. Others see moral complexity but, all things鈥攑articularly the Holocaust鈥攃onsidered, believe it had to be fought, he added.

Grimsrud argued, however, that facts don鈥檛 necessarily support reasons put forth for going to war at the time, namely to maintain national autonomy, protect democracy against totalitarianism and save the Jews.

Neither Germany nor Japan was interested in invading and trying to conquer the U.S., according to the professor. Both countries knew the difficulty of such an undertaking and wanted to dominate only their respective regions of the world, he maintained.

The notion of the need to protect democracy was complicated in large part by America鈥檚 alliance with England, which ruled a colonial empire in opposition to people鈥檚 right to self-determination, and with the communist Soviet Union, which, under Stalin, was 鈥渁s far from democracy鈥� as any nation, Grimsrud said.

The Holocaust question was complex as well, he continued, explaining that while then-Gen. Dwight Eisenhower said that was why the U.S. was fighting, his war policies ignored it. 鈥淣othing was done to stop the Holocaust as it was happening,鈥� said Grimsrud. And demanding unconditional surrender by the Nazis delayed the war鈥檚 end, allowing them to continue the genocide for months, he added.

Although acknowledging the explanation may be 鈥渟implistic,鈥� he suggested the war effort was sustained by other factors, including U.S.-Japanese imperialist conflict over the Far East, German undermining of American corporate interests and growing U.S. awareness of its potential for world economic and military dominance.

Early in the war, the U.S. urged noncombatant immunity鈥攐ne standard for judging if the means used in warfare are just, Grimsrud noted. That changed, though, by 1943, when air attacks intentionally incinerated everything in their path for the first time, he said. Hamburg, Germany, was hit that July, sending displaced residents to work in suburban weapons plants where they helped the German war effort by alleviating a labor shortage, he pointed out.

All reluctance to strike civilians was gone, he continued, by early 1945, when Dresden, Germany, was bombed in February and Tokyo in March. A bombing campaign ensued across Japan over the next five months before the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 鈥淒ebate continues about the military necessity of those bombs,鈥� which killed, whether immediately or eventually, hundreds of thousands of Japanese, Grimsrud said. 鈥淗owever, they clearly violated the 鈥榡ust means鈥� criteria of proportionality and noncombatant immunity.鈥�

The surge in wide-scale bombing鈥攃onsidered a war crime by some鈥攈ad a major impact on warfare in following years, he added. Total tonnage of bombs dropped by the U.S. rose to about 6.7 million tons during the Vietnam War, nearly double the 3.4 million tons unleashed during World War II, he noted.

鈥淚t鈥檚 too easy to say, 鈥榃e won, so it鈥檚 worth it,鈥欌�� said Grimsrud, recounting not only the death toll but also the 鈥渢ens of millions鈥� injured and driven from their homes, and the environmental damage wrought.

The war鈥檚 legacy went much further, however. Among the Allies鈥� goals, as stated in the Atlantic Charter of 1941, were postwar disarmament and expansion of the right of self-determination to all people. Grimsrud said. But the result, he said, was 鈥渁bject failure鈥� in central Europe, where communism spread rather than democracy, and even in the U.S., where President Franklin Roosevelt, feeling constrained by the Constitution, had taken war action without congressional consent or public knowledge. After the war, the nation didn鈥檛 demobilize, as it had following previous wars, but instead became 鈥渁 national security state鈥� with the Pentagon at the center of power in the federal government, according to Grimsrud.

Both a small military and congressional declarations of war were 鈥済one forever鈥� by 1945, the professor said, and two years later, the U.S. was locked into the Cold War by the Truman Doctrine. 鈥淭he past 65 years are a litany of one Truman Doctrine-inspired intervention after another,鈥� including the 1991 Gulf War, which could have been avoided diplomatically but instead represented a lost chance for ongoing peace after the Soviet empire dissolved, he said.

Grimsrud concluded with an allusion to the visions of the Beast and the Lamb in Revelation 13 and 14. 鈥淭he beastly power of militarism seems an overwhelming legacy of World War II,鈥� he said. 鈥淏ut we may draw hope from the Lamb-like witness of those who opposed that war and whose inspiration has rippled down through the years and empowered an alternative legacy of nonviolent peacemaking.”

Bluffton鈥檚 Keeney Peace Lectureship was established in 1978 by the family of William Sr. and Kathryn Keeney to express appreciation for Bluffton鈥檚 influence and to strengthen the continuing peace witness among the community.